Description: Almost 90 of the 300 indigenous languages spoken in North America were in California, making the state a very complex, linguistically diverse area. Researchers have attempted to delineate contact-period Native California linguistic and tribal boundaries using oral history, ethnographic records, place-names, linguistics, population density, geography, Spanish and mission archives, and archaeology. One of the most widely referenced sources for California, Volume 8, compiles chapters on 55 individual or closely related tribes, each written by different specialists and including detailed maps of tribal boundaries as well as village and camp locations. The Volume 8 tribal territory map covers Kroeber’s (1936) Northwestern, Central, and Southern culture areas and is primarily based on Harold Driver’s (1961) map of California “culture areas." It also updates Kroeber’s (1925, 1936) language classifications and tribal names. Heizer noted: “By the time ethnographers began to systematically record the names and territories of individual tribes…a certain amount of territorial readjustment, through expansion or retraction…may have occurred,” and place-names used to distinguish boundaries might reflect these adjustments (1978:5). Further, by the time ethnographers asked survivors the names of their neighbors, many small independent tribes might have been forgotten. Heizer also proposed a reconstruction of language distributions and population movements: Hokan is the oldest language group, with incoming Penutian pushing Hokan to the periphery, followed by Uto-Aztecan coming to the southeast separating the Yuman from their fellow Hokan speakers (1978:81). According to Heizer, the Ukian family spread into the northwest, and the late-arriving Athapaskans came from the north. Additional Details about these Native California Ethno-Linguistic Areas can be found at the following web site: https://roadmaptoresearch.dot.ca.gov/about-map-layers.html.
Copyright Text: Original citation:
Heizer, Robert F. (ed). "Key to Tribal Territories" (map) from "Handbook of North American Indians, Vol 8: California". Smithsonian Institution. 1978.
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Description: Almost 90 of the 300 indigenous languages spoken in North America were in California, making the state a very complex, linguistically diverse area. Researchers have attempted to delineate contact-period Native California linguistic and tribal boundaries using oral history, ethnographic records, place-names, linguistics, population density, geography, Spanish and mission archives, and archaeology. According to Golla, a defining feature of the California language area was "the absence of congruence between the linguistic and sociopolitical" (Golla 2011:2). Rather, the defining social unit was a "village community" or "tribelet" (Kroeber 1925, 1936) consisting of a few hundred individuals living within a demarcated territory. Language areas were almost always larger than any tribelet or group of tribelets and did not define political divisions or imply a common culture (Golla 2011:3). In addition, language and sociopolitical boundaries were living entities, constantly in flux. Golla, therefore, attempted to define sociolinguistic areas that would serve as "fossilized traces of past migrations and expansions" (2011:1). Additional Details about these Native California Ethno-Linguistic Areas can be found at the following web site: https://roadmaptoresearch.dot.ca.gov/about-map-layers.html.
Copyright Text: Original citation:
Golla, Victor. "California Indian Languages." University of California Press, California, 2011.
Description: Almost 90 of the 300 indigenous languages spoken in North America were in California, making the state a very complex, linguistically diverse area. Researchers have attempted to delineate contact-period Native California linguistic and tribal boundaries using oral history, ethnographic records, place-names, linguistics, population density, geography, Spanish and mission archives, and archaeology. According to Golla, a defining feature of the California language area was "the absence of congruence between the linguistic and sociopolitical" (Golla 2011:2). Rather, the defining social unit was a "village community" or "tribelet" (Kroeber 1925, 1936) consisting of a few hundred individuals living within a demarcated territory. Language areas were almost always larger than any tribelet or group of tribelets and did not define political divisions or imply a common culture (Golla 2011:3). In addition, language and sociopolitical boundaries were living entities, constantly in flux. Golla, therefore, attempted to define sociolinguistic areas that would serve as "fossilized traces of past migrations and expansions" (2011:1). Additional Details about these Native California Ethno-Linguistic Areas can be found at the following web site: https://roadmaptoresearch.dot.ca.gov/about-map-layers.html.
Copyright Text: Original citation:
Golla, Victor. "California Indian Languages." University of California Press, California, 2011.
Description: Almost 90 of the 300 indigenous languages spoken in North America were in California, making the state a very complex, linguistically diverse area. Researchers have attempted to delineate contact-period Native California linguistic and tribal boundaries using oral history, ethnographic records, place-names, linguistics, population density, geography, Spanish and mission archives, and archaeology. According to Golla, a defining feature of the California language area was "the absence of congruence between the linguistic and sociopolitical" (Golla 2011:2). Rather, the defining social unit was a "village community" or "tribelet" (Kroeber 1925, 1936) consisting of a few hundred individuals living within a demarcated territory. Language areas were almost always larger than any tribelet or group of tribelets and did not define political divisions or imply a common culture (Golla 2011:3). In addition, language and sociopolitical boundaries were living entities, constantly in flux. Golla, therefore, attempted to define sociolinguistic areas that would serve as "fossilized traces of past migrations and expansions" (2011:1). Additional Details about these Native California Ethno-Linguistic Areas can be found at the following web site: https://roadmaptoresearch.dot.ca.gov/about-map-layers.html.
Copyright Text: Original citation:
Golla, Victor. "California Indian Languages." University of California Press, California, 2011.
Description: Almost 90 of the 300 indigenous languages spoken in North America were in California, making the state a very complex, linguistically diverse area. Researchers have attempted to delineate contact-period Native California linguistic and tribal boundaries using oral history, ethnographic records, place-names, linguistics, population density, geography, Spanish and mission archives, and archaeology. Kroeber’s work is based on 17 years of research and conversations with early 20th-century Native Californians. Kroeber noted that “exact delineation of…ethnographic provinces is almost invariably an artificial and unprofitable endeavor (1925:6). It is the foci that can be tolerably determined, not the limits.” He presented “the customs of…50 little nations” as a compromise between detailing all the many variations or lumping larger regions (Kroeber 1925:vi). Kroeber (1936:Map 1) later slightly adjusted his culture classifications. Additional Details about these Native California Ethno-Linguistic Areas can be found at the following web site: https://roadmaptoresearch.dot.ca.gov/about-map-layers.html.
Copyright Text: Original citation:
Kroeber, Alfred Louis. "Ethnographic Map of California Native Peoples" (map) from Handbook of the Indians of California. Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, 1925.
Description: Almost 90 of the 300 indigenous languages spoken in North America were in California, making the state a very complex, linguistically diverse area. Researchers have attempted to delineate contact-period Native California linguistic and tribal boundaries using oral history, ethnographic records, place-names, linguistics, population density, geography, Spanish and mission archives, and archaeology. Kroeber’s work is based on 17 years of research and conversations with early 20th-century Native Californians. Kroeber noted that “exact delineation of…ethnographic provinces is almost invariably an artificial and unprofitable endeavor (1925:6). It is the foci that can be tolerably determined, not the limits.” He presented “the customs of…50 little nations” as a compromise between detailing all the many variations or lumping larger regions (Kroeber 1925:vi). Kroeber (1936:Map 1) later slightly adjusted his culture classifications. Additional Details about these Native California Ethno-Linguistic Areas can be found at the following web site: https://roadmaptoresearch.dot.ca.gov/about-map-layers.html.
Copyright Text: Original citation:
Kroeber, Alfred Louis. "Ethnographic Map of California Native Peoples" (map) from Handbook of the Indians of California. Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, 1925.
Description: Almost 90 of the 300 indigenous languages spoken in North America were in California, making the state a very complex, linguistically diverse area. Researchers have attempted to delineate contact-period Native California linguistic and tribal boundaries using oral history, ethnographic records, place-names, linguistics, population density, geography, Spanish and mission archives, and archaeology. Kroeber’s work is based on 17 years of research and conversations with early 20th-century Native Californians. Kroeber noted that “exact delineation of…ethnographic provinces is almost invariably an artificial and unprofitable endeavor (1925:6). It is the foci that can be tolerably determined, not the limits.” He presented “the customs of…50 little nations” as a compromise between detailing all the many variations or lumping larger regions (Kroeber 1925:vi). Kroeber (1936:Map 1) later slightly adjusted his culture classifications. Additional Details about these Native California Ethno-Linguistic Areas can be found at the following web site: https://roadmaptoresearch.dot.ca.gov/about-map-layers.html.
Copyright Text: Original citation:
Kroeber, Alfred Louis. "Ethnographic Map of California Native Peoples" (map) from Handbook of the Indians of California. Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, 1925.
Description: Milliken and Johnson identified 663 year-round local group regions as they might have been in 1770s California (2010:20). Each was named after ethnographic tribal or “rancheria” groups. In contrast to Heizer (1966), Milliken and Johnson argued against the “tyranny of ‘language group as tribe” (2010:3). As well as tribelets with defined boundaries, they identified groups comprising loose regional communities, unbounded small villages, or ambiguously bounded regions of large sedentary villages (see definitions below). Two main variables were used to define group regions—nature of land-using organization (bounded versus non-bounded territories), and nature of the data (mission outreach areas versus other). Milliken and Johnson’s collected data are available at the Bancroft Library, Berkeley. From the Wiki description. The Contact-Period Native California Community Distribution Model (CDM) is a digital atlas and wiki encyclopedia that models the socio-political landscape of native California at the time of first contact with the Spanish, a rolling moment from the 1770s to the 1830s. The CDM atlas portrays a model distribution of 663 community regions (inferred or known village communities or tribelets) across California on a GIS digital map layer, divided into 14 analytical zones that combine regions on the basis of mutual histories, shared language, and similar land-use patterns. The associated encyclopedia consists of "wiki" monographs that gather together archival information for each of the community regions (i.e., presented within a collaborative website that allows for creation and controlled editing of interlinked web pages). An additional key element, a Mission Register database, provides locational information for the CDM regions from which the people were entirely removed to the Franciscan missions between 1770 and 1835. These separate elements together form the CDM (Figure 1). Additional Details about these Native California Ethno-Linguistic Areas can be found at the following web site: https://roadmaptoresearch.dot.ca.gov/about-map-layers.html.
Copyright Text: Randall T. Milliken and John Johnson
2010. Contact-Period Native California Community Distribution Model. Submitted to California Department of Transportation, District 6, Fresno, California.
Description: Milliken and Johnson identified 663 year-round local group regions as they might have been in 1770s California (2010:20). Each was named after ethnographic tribal or “rancheria” groups. In contrast to Heizer (1966), Milliken and Johnson argued against the “tyranny of ‘language group as tribe” (2010:3). As well as tribelets with defined boundaries, they identified groups comprising loose regional communities, unbounded small villages, or ambiguously bounded regions of large sedentary villages (see definitions below). Two main variables were used to define group regions—nature of land-using organization (bounded versus non-bounded territories), and nature of the data (mission outreach areas versus other). Milliken and Johnson’s collected data are available at the Bancroft Library, Berkeley. From the Wiki description. The Contact-Period Native California Community Distribution Model (CDM) is a digital atlas and wiki encyclopedia that models the socio-political landscape of native California at the time of first contact with the Spanish, a rolling moment from the 1770s to the 1830s. The CDM atlas portrays a model distribution of 663 community regions (inferred or known village communities or tribelets) across California on a GIS digital map layer, divided into 14 analytical zones that combine regions on the basis of mutual histories, shared language, and similar land-use patterns. The associated encyclopedia consists of "wiki" monographs that gather together archival information for each of the community regions (i.e., presented within a collaborative website that allows for creation and controlled editing of interlinked web pages). An additional key element, a Mission Register database, provides locational information for the CDM regions from which the people were entirely removed to the Franciscan missions between 1770 and 1835. These separate elements together form the CDM (Figure 1). Additional Details about these Native California Ethno-Linguistic Areas can be found at the following web site: https://roadmaptoresearch.dot.ca.gov/about-map-layers.html.
Copyright Text: Randall T. Milliken and John Johnson
2010. Contact-Period Native California Community Distribution Model. Submitted to California Department of Transportation, District 6, Fresno, California.
Description: Milliken and Johnson identified 663 year-round local group regions as they might have been in 1770s California (2010:20). Each was named after ethnographic tribal or “rancheria” groups. In contrast to Heizer (1966), Milliken and Johnson argued against the “tyranny of ‘language group as tribe” (2010:3). As well as tribelets with defined boundaries, they identified groups comprising loose regional communities, unbounded small villages, or ambiguously bounded regions of large sedentary villages (see definitions below). Two main variables were used to define group regions—nature of land-using organization (bounded versus non-bounded territories), and nature of the data (mission outreach areas versus other). Milliken and Johnson’s collected data are available at the Bancroft Library, Berkeley. From the Wiki description. The Contact-Period Native California Community Distribution Model (CDM) is a digital atlas and wiki encyclopedia that models the socio-political landscape of native California at the time of first contact with the Spanish, a rolling moment from the 1770s to the 1830s. The CDM atlas portrays a model distribution of 663 community regions (inferred or known village communities or tribelets) across California on a GIS digital map layer, divided into 14 analytical zones that combine regions on the basis of mutual histories, shared language, and similar land-use patterns. The associated encyclopedia consists of "wiki" monographs that gather together archival information for each of the community regions (i.e., presented within a collaborative website that allows for creation and controlled editing of interlinked web pages). An additional key element, a Mission Register database, provides locational information for the CDM regions from which the people were entirely removed to the Franciscan missions between 1770 and 1835. These separate elements together form the CDM (Figure 1). Additional Details about these Native California Ethno-Linguistic Areas can be found at the following web site: https://roadmaptoresearch.dot.ca.gov/about-map-layers.html.
Copyright Text: Randall T. Milliken and John Johnson
2010. Contact-Period Native California Community Distribution Model. Submitted to California Department of Transportation, District 6, Fresno, California.