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Layer: Tribal Territories (Heizer 1978) (ID:1)

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Name: Tribal Territories (Heizer 1978)

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Description: Almost 90 of the 300 indigenous languages spoken in North America were in California, making the state a very complex, linguistically diverse area. Researchers have attempted to delineate contact-period Native California linguistic and tribal boundaries using oral history, ethnographic records, place-names, linguistics, population density, geography, Spanish and mission archives, and archaeology. One of the most widely referenced sources for California, Volume 8, compiles chapters on 55 individual or closely related tribes, each written by different specialists and including detailed maps of tribal boundaries as well as village and camp locations. The Volume 8 tribal territory map covers Kroeber’s (1936) Northwestern, Central, and Southern culture areas and is primarily based on Harold Driver’s (1961) map of California “culture areas." It also updates Kroeber’s (1925, 1936) language classifications and tribal names. Heizer noted: “By the time ethnographers began to systematically record the names and territories of individual tribes…a certain amount of territorial readjustment, through expansion or retraction…may have occurred,” and place-names used to distinguish boundaries might reflect these adjustments (1978:5). Further, by the time ethnographers asked survivors the names of their neighbors, many small independent tribes might have been forgotten. Heizer also proposed a reconstruction of language distributions and population movements: Hokan is the oldest language group, with incoming Penutian pushing Hokan to the periphery, followed by Uto-Aztecan coming to the southeast separating the Yuman from their fellow Hokan speakers (1978:81). According to Heizer, the Ukian family spread into the northwest, and the late-arriving Athapaskans came from the north. Additional Details about these Native California Ethno-Linguistic Areas can be found at the following web site: https://roadmaptoresearch.dot.ca.gov/about-map-layers.html.

Copyright Text: Original citation: Heizer, Robert F. (ed). "Key to Tribal Territories" (map) from "Handbook of North American Indians, Vol 8: California". Smithsonian Institution. 1978.

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Last Edit Date: 2/19/2025 10:44:18 PM

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