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Service Description: Water resources of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee and North Carolina. Hydrologic Atlas 420. Stream Chemical Analysis Results

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Description: A feature class depicting geographic locations where Stream Chemical Analysis Results have been modeled within the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Locations are expressed in the form of point geometry. These point data have been digitized from Water resources of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee and North Carolina Hydrologic Atlas 420 (William M. McMaster, E.F. Hubbard), 1970 edition. The Great Smoky Mountains National Park is located on the Tennessee-North Carolina border in the southern part of the Appalachian Range. The park occupies an area of about 800 square miles which is divided almost equally between the two States. Because of its beauty, location, and wide appeal, this is the nation's most visited national park. The number of visitors increased from 600,000 in 1937 to 3,000.000 in 1959 and to 7,000,000 in 1968. To serve these visitors, the National Park Service has provided campgrounds, picnic areas, scenic overlooks, nature and pioneer museums,and many miles of foot and horse trails. Most of these facilities and services require potable water supplies. The recreational and service facilities are scattered throughout the park, and it is necessary to develop a separate water system for each. For many years, water supplies in the park were obtained mostly from springs and small streams. However, the increasing demand for water at some facilities has approached the yield of the springs. Although streams in most cases have afforded adequate supplies, the water requires treatment, which may be costly. For these reasons, ground-water supplies are being developed wherever possible to replace existing water supplies and for most new facilities. In those places where ground-water supplies are not practical, surface water may provide an adequate supply. The total volume of water removed from streams or from storage in the ground for use at park facilities is currently less than 500,000 gallons per day during the periods of heaviest usage. This water is only diverted briefly, as storage facilities are very small, and probably more than 90 percent of the water is not "consumed" but is returned either to the streams or to the ground-water system. Therefore no measurable effects on either the terrestrial or aquatic ecologic balance can be anticipated as a result of pumpage. In order to plan effectively for the development of new facilities, the enlargement of existing facilities, and the management of the park's resources, the Park Service needs information on how much water is available at different places in the park. Emphasis of this study was placed on evaluating the occurrence, availability, and quality of ground water. But ground water and surface water are so interrelated within an area, that one may not be examined fully without considering the other. It also must be anticipated that as park facilities are enlarged, the Park Service may find it necessary to obtain supplies for some facilities from surface-water sources. Thus, an important part of the study was devoted to the flow of streams, particularly low flows. Low flows arc a limiting factor when developing a stream for water supply. Low-flow data arc also essential in stream-pollution studies and for the protection of aquatic life and resident environment. Many recreational uses of the streams also depend on adequate low flows. The movement of water from the oceans, through the atmosphere, over and through the land, and back to the oceans is referred to as the hydrologic cycle. In the park, this cycle begins when water enters the area as moisture in the atmosphere and reaches the land surface as rain or snow. Part of this precipitation is either evaporated, transpired by plants, or temporarily stored in the soil and rocks. The remaining precipitation runs overland to join a stream. Streamflow during a flood consists almost entirely of overland runoff. However, most streams in the park flow continuously whether it has rained recently or not. During periods of no overland runoff, streamflow is sustained by ground-water discharge from springs and from seepage directly into the stream channels. Two climatic factors play a decisive role in the hydrologic cycle in the park. The most important of these is precipitation. The other is temperature, which largely determines the amount of water evaporated and that transpired by plants. (The combined total of evaporation and transpiration is called evapotranspiration.) The park is located in one of the wettest regions of the United States. Precipitation in the park as a whole averages 64 inches annually, which amounts to some 890 billion gallons. Of this, about 500 billion gallons is discharged from the park during the year through streams and rivers. The remaining 390 billion gallons is either evaporated, 'transpired by plants, or seeps from the area through permeable rocks beneath the ground. Precipitation at points within the park ranges from less than 50 to more than 80 inches per year (surface-water availability map). In general, the amount of precipitation increases with increasing altitude. Differences in average annual precipitation of more than 25 inches between a rain gage in a valley and one on a peak less than 10 miles away are not uncommon.  Precipitation also varies from year to year. For example, over the upper Little Tennessee River basin, which includes the southern part of the park, precipitation has ranged during the past 33 years from a low of 54 inches in 1952 to a high of 77 inches in 1964 (TVA, 1968).  On a seasonal basis, the winter and spring tend to be much wetter than the summer and fall. March is usually the wettest month and October the driest; long-term averages indicate that only about half as much precipitation occurs in October as in March. The variations of evapotranspiration losses with time are related to seasonal changes in temperature. An example is the low streamflow generally experienced in late summer and early fall. This is caused. in part, by the higher temperatures of summer, which increase evaporation and transpiration, reducing the ground-water supplies. Areal variations in evapotranspiration, however, are related closely to altitude. This is due primarily to the decrease in average annual temperature of about 2° F for each J ,000 foot increase in altitude. (Shanks, 1954.).   Many factors influencing the availability of water resources within an area are related to the nature of the land surface. These factors are mostly topography, such as altitude, slope, and drainage pattern, other factors also include vegetation and ground cover.   The dominant topographic feature of the park is the northeastward trending ridgeline of the Great Smoky Mountains, which forms the boundary between North Carolina and Tennessee. Sixteen peaks along this ridge arc above 6,000 feet in altitude. Lesser ridges form radiating spurs from the central ridgeline. In broad aspect, the topography of the park consists of moderately sharp-crested, steep-sided ridges separated by deep, V -shaped valleys. Slopes of 50 percent ( 50 feet vertically in 100 feet horizontally) are common along the sides of ridges. Altitude ranges from 840 feet at the mouth of Abrams Creek at the extreme western end of the park to 6,642 feet at Clingmans Dome near the center of the park. The central ridgeline is a major drainage divide in the park, but it immediately beyond the park boundaries to the northeast by the Pigeon River and to the southwest by the Little Tennessee River. The streams of the park flow outward from the central ridgeline in every direction. All the streams are relatively small, none draining an area of more than 200 sq mi (square miles): most are much smaller than this where they flow from the park. The drainage system is characterized by a dense network of small streams flowing through steeply-sloping channels to the Tennessee River or its tributaries. Stream slopes average nearly 400 feet per mile of channel. The slopes increase to as much as 2,000 feet per mile in the headwaters. Most of the park is covered with forest : layers of leaves on the ground, tree roots, and ground vegetation reduce overland runoff, inhibit erosion, and cause a low sediment load, so that the streams are nearly always clear and sparkling. During the growing season, vegetation transpires a significant part of the ater resources of the region. Streamflow in the park is variable with respect to both time and location. The amount of flow passing a particular point may vary by as much as a factor of I 0,000 from minimum flow to maximum flood. The low-flow yield of two basins of equal size may differ by a factor of I 0 or more. The four principal factors that affect streamflow are drainage area, precipitation, evapotranspiration, and-for low flows-geology. Streamflow is usually reported in units of cubic feet per second (cfs) or of cubic feet per second per square miles (cfsm). This latter form represents the flow from each square mile of drainage basin, and is used to compare the yield of basins of different size. Average flow is a limiting factor in the design of a water supply. If all the water flowing past a point could be stored and no losses subsequently occurred, such as evaporation or seepage, then average flow would be the maximum constant rate at which water could be used. The average flows for selected sites are given in table I. The surface-water availability map shows the location of each of these sites by number. Average discharge shown in table 1 ranges from less than 2 to more than 4 cfsm. Thus, some streams in the park yield twice as much water per unit area as do other streams. This variability from place to place is the result of variations in precipitation and evapotranspiration. Ground water in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park comes from rain and snow. A part of the precipitation, even on the steepest mountain slopes, seeps into the ground. Water absorbed by the ground moves down to the water table and then moves downslope through a complex system of openings in the rocks underlying the park and eventually discharges to streams through springs and seeps. The movement of ground water toward the discharge points is continuous, but slow. Therefore, there is always a reservoir of ground water available for man's use, even during prolonged droughts. This reservoir can be tapped by either dug or drilled wells. The rate and amount of water that wells will yield depend on the number, size, and interconnection of the openings in the rocks. These factors differ tremendously from place to place in the park.The result is that yields of wells located only a few hundred feet apart may differ considerably. Two wells at Little Greenbrier (site no. 18) are a good example. One well has an estimated yield of 2 gpm (gallons per minute). The second well, only 600 feet away, has a yield of 125 gpm. The abundance of water-filled openings in the rock depends partly on the type and nature of the rock. ln general, the highly favorable areas for developing ground-water supplies (see ground-water availability ma~) are where large, water-filled fractures in the bedrock are connected with thick, water-saturated weathered material. The least favorable areas for developing ground-water supplies are where a few, small, widely spaced fractures in the bedrock are connected to thin, relatively dry weathered material. The moderately favorable areas for developing ground-water supplies have conditions that are between these two extremes. For the purposes of this report, the rock materials of the park can be divided into two broad types, weathered material and bedrock. Each type has its particular influence on ground water in the area. The weathered material forms a nearly continuous cover over the bedrock, and is derived from the bedrock during the process of weathering. Weathering gradually reduces the bedrock to smaller and smaller particles and alters some of the minerals to clays. The particles comprising the weathered materials range in size from clay to sand, but these materials also contain scattered blocks of unweathered rock, some of boulder size. These deposits are usually ungraded ; that is, the particle sizes are intermixed rather than being in layers composed of different size particles such as gravel , sand, or clay. Figure I illustrates the kind and location of weathered materials. Weathered materials cover most of the bedrock surface. Residuum is weathered material, that remains in place; these deposi ts retain some original features of the parent rock, such as traces of fractures and bedding planes. Alluvium is weathered material, that has been moved by running water from the place where it formed to its present location. These materials are commonly as much as 50 to 75 feet thick and locally exceed I 00 feet thick. Thickness generally is greatest in valley floors and least on steep hill slopes. Comprehensive descriptions of the weathered materials in the park are given by King (1964, p. 134- 142) and by Hamilton (1961 , p. 47- 50). The bedrock of the park consists mainly of ancient sandstone, siltstone, shale, gneiss, and schist. Limestone locally underlies the land surface, as at Cades Cove. Several times during their long history the rocks have been subjected to forces that caused breaking and shearing. These fractures are called faults if rock on one side of the break has moved relative to the other side. The geology of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park has been described in detail by King and others (1968). Openings in the rock materials of the Great Smoky Mountains serve both as a reservoir in which ground water is stored and as a pipeline through which the water moves. Water enters the system from precipitation. The weathered materials have a high capacity to absorb water. This capacity is enhanced in the upper few feet by the presence of porous humus and by openings formed where roots have decayed. Recharge, or addition of water to the ground-water reservoir, occurs nearly everywhere in the park, regardless of altitude or slope. Recharging water moves down into the rock materials until it reaches the zone of saturation, or water table. The water table may occur in the weathered materials or in the bedrock; in valleys the water table is nearly everywhere above bedrock in the weathered material. On stream flood plains where the water table is generally less than 15 feet below land surface , the saturated thickness of weathered materials may exceed 25 feet. The shape of the water table conforms in a general way to the shape of the land surface under which it lies, so that the altitude of the water table is higher under a hill than it is under the adjacent valley. In general, though the depth to the water table from land surface is greater under hills than under valleys. Once the recharging water reaches the water table, it becomes available to supply wells and springs. This water, though it is in storage. is at the same time moving slowly in the downward direction of the gradient of the water table toward a natural discharge area. The rate of move1nent of water through the system depends on the size of the pores and fracture openings through which it moves and the slope of the water table. The larger the openings and the steeper the slope, the faster it n1oves. In genera]. water moves n1uch faster through large fractures in the bedrock-depending on their continuity-than it does through the weathered material. However, the velocity of ground-water move1nent in most rocks is extremely slow when compared to the velocity of water in a stream. The types of openings in which water occurs in each material are significantly different. Water in the weathered materials occurs in the interconnected pore spaces that exist between grains, whereas water in the bedrock occurs in the much more widely-spaced openings of fractures. The volume of water stored in the weathered materials is relatively large (perhaps 20 to 30 percent of the saturated volume of the material). In contrast, the volume of water stored in fracture openings in the bedrock is relatively small (probably less than I percent of the saturated volume of the rock). The volume of water stored in fractures decreases with depth. In the Great Smoky Mountains water-bearing fractures generally do not occur at depths greater than about 300 feet , although at Cades Cove substantial water occurs to a depth of at least 350 feet. Under natural conditions there is interchange of water between the weathered material and the bedrock fractures as the water moves toward points of discharge. That is, water at some locations moves downward from the weathered material into the bedrock fractures whereas at other locations it returns from the 'fracture system to the weathered material. Water discharges from the ground-water reservoir wherever the water table intersects the land surface. This usually occurs along well-developed stream channels. However, discharge also occurs through springs and seeps along the sides of many ridges above the valley floors. Recharge of the ground-water reservoir occurs intermittently whereas discharge occurs continuously as long as the water table is at a level above the discharge area. As a result, the water table rises rapidly after rains and declines gradually as a result of discharge until the next occurrence of recharge. The change in rate of ground-water discharge is controlled by the change in slope of the water table. For example, as the water table declines following a period of recharge, the slope of the water table decreases and so does the discharge rate. Ground-water studies conducted in the mountain and Piedmont areas over a period of many years have shown that the yield of drilled , bedrock wells differs widely in relatively short distances. This is not surprising in view of the irregular and complex pattern of the fractures. Nevertheless, it has been possible to establish a relation between the well yield and certain physical features of the well location. These features and the evaluation of their effect on well yields have been described by LeGrand ( 1967). The principal physical features affecting the yield of wells are the thickness of the weathered material underlying the well site and the topographic position of the site. The importance of the weathered material results from its capacity to store large volumes of ground water. The importance of topographic position probably is related to the spacing and size of fractures in the bedrock. It is postulated that the bedrock beneath valleys contains more and larger fractures than does the bedrock beneath adjoining hills. Thus, wells drilled in valleys underlain by thick sections of weathered material almost invariably have higher yields than wells on hillsides having a thin cover of weathered material. The yields of wells in small tributary valleys and draws are intermediate between those in major valleys and those on ridges. Favorable areas for ground-water development in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park are shown on the ground-water availability map. The estimated thickness of the weathered material and topographic position were the principal factors considered in delineating these areas. However, the location of known faults and quartz veins also was considered. Extensive, interconnected fractures in the bedrock may be developed best near major faults. The development of valleys along the trace of many of the faults in the park is a reflection of more rapid weathering in the vicinity of faults; extensive and abundant fractures in the bedrock would contribute to rapid surface and subsurface weathering. The wells in the park have been drilled in the vicinity of faults, wherever possible, and some of these wells have high yields. A notable exception was at Greenbrier (site no. 15), where neither of the two wells within 300 feet of a major fault yields more than 15 gpm. Also, several of the most productive wells in the park (site nos. 11, 13, 15, and 24) are in areas where major faults do not occur. Therefore~ the chances of obtaining large well yields are best near faults, but large openings do not occur near all faults and good well yields can be obtained where there are no faults. The major faults as mapped by King and others ( 1968) are shown on the ground-water availability map. Another factor that may significantly increase well yields is the presence of quartz veins in the bedrock. Quartz veins were penetrated by the wells at Little Greenbrier (site no. 18, yield 125 gpm) and at Indian Camp Creek (site no. 17 ; yield I08 gpm). Although drilling is the only direct means of determining the presence of quartz veins, abundant quartz masses on the ground surface may indicate their existence in the underlying bedrock. Many park facilities, such as the larger campgrounds, are situated on relatively broad valley floors, but some smaller facilities are located in narrow valleys and some are in high areas near ridgetops. The potential for developing large yields is greater in broad valley floors or on gentle valley slopes; it is least in the areas along and near ridgetops, If a water supply must be obtained for a high area, selecting a well location in a nearby draw should improve chances for obtaining a useable yield . In any location, it may be necessary to drill more than one well before a useable yield can be obtained. There is no direct way to determine thickness of the weathered material other than by drilling; yet, where no bedrock outcrops are present in the general area of the site the saturated thickness of these materials generally is sufficient. Weathered materials generally are thick along gentle valley slopes, on valley floors, and on some ridgetop locations, but the water-yielding potential of thick deposits of weathered materials on ridgetops is counteracted by the greater depth to water and the fact that the saturated zone in the weathered material is generally only a few feet thick . Steeper, hillside locations are least likely to be covered by thick, extensive deposits of weathered material. Ground-water supplies in the Great Smoky Mountains may be developed either from large-diameter wells excavated in the weathered material or from wells drilled into the bedrock, Bedrock wells generally are more trouble-free and less subject to pollution, and for these reasons, the remainder of this discussion will be devoted to wells drilled into bedrock. The wells in the park are 6 to 8 inches in diameter, and cased to bedrock. The space around between the drill hole and the casing is grouted with cement to a depth sufficient to prevent inflow of surface runoff, generally I 0 feet from the surface, and the wells are finished as open holes, most of which are less than 200 feet deep. When a well is pumped, the water level in the well drops, and water enters the well from the fractures penetrated by the well. The water discharging from the fractures is replaced by water percolating or flowing to them from the weathered material. Thus, pumping a well changes the natural gradient of the water table near the well and establishes a new, steeper gradient toward the well from all directions. The rate at which water can be pumped from a well depends on (I) the number and size of the fractures penetrated by the well, (2) the extent of interconnection between fractures near the well, (3) the extent of connection between the fractures and the weathered material, and (4) the depth below the water table of the fractures penetrated by the well . On the other hand, the total amount of water that can be pumped from a well between periods of recharge depends only on the water-storage capacity of the fractures and weathered material near the well. Most of the capacity for water storage is in the weathered material. so that the capacity for pumpage from a well depends mostly on the saturated thickness of the weathered material near the well. The combination of maximum well yield (in gallons per minute) and capacity for pumpage between periods of recharge (in gallons) determines well performance. Some of these fractures are deep and have been enlarged by weathering. The performance of this well is good; well yield is relatively high and pumping can remove water from storage in the thick weathered material over a broad area. Well B penetrates a thin layer of saturated weathered material and a few, poorly developed, shallow fractures. The performance of this well is poor; well yield is substantially less than well A and the smaller area influenced by pumping contains considerably less water in storage. Twenty six pumping tests of three types were made on wells in the Great Smokies National Park. A few tests were made at constant discharge for the duration of the test, but most tests were of the "step-drawdown" type in which the well was pumped at two or more discharge rates. The third type of test was a variation of the step. Drawdown type in which the well was pumped at several levels of discharge, except that the water level was allowed to recover to the pre-pumping, or static, water level after each interval of pumping. The Smokemont well no. 3 (site no. 26) and Deep Creek well (site no. 13) were tested in this manner. Partial results of the pumping tests are listed in table I. Examples of the three types of tests show that the water level in the pumped well declines until the quantity of water moving toward the well balances the quantity being pumped. After this, the pumping water level is stable, unless the pumping rate is changed. After pumping stops, water levels recover to near the static (original) position. Water levels in most wells in the park are stable within 2 hours after pumping starts and they recover to within a few feet of the original water level within a few minutes after pumping stops. Specific capacity (pumping rate of a well divided by the drawdown of water level) is a basis for comparing the productivity of the fractures penetrated by different wells. Use of step-drawdown pumping tests allows calculation of changes in specific capacity with different pumping rates. Specific capacities at maximum discharge of wells in the park range between 0.04 gpm per ft (gallons per minute per foot of drawdown) at Green Mountain (site no. 16, well no. I) and 13.8 at Cades Cove (site no. 4). Maximum discharge as used here refers to maximum pumping rate; in many cases, this represents maximum capacity of the pump, not of the well. The median specific capacity for the tested wells is 0.6 gpm per ft. Changes in specific capacity with pumping rate are shown in figure 6. Yields of wells drilled in Great Smokies National Park range from less than I gpm to as much as 135 gpm . The median yield is about 35 gpm, and about I well of 6 yields 100 gpm or more. The dissolved-solids content of both ground water and surface water is low because the rocks of the Great Smoky Mountains arc made up almost entirely of minerals of low solubility, except the carbonate rocks that underlie isolated areas such as Cades Cove. However, ground water is generally somewhat higher in dissolved solids than surface water. On the average, total dissolved solids in ground water is about 50 mg/ 1 (milligrams per liter) and in surface water during periods of low flow, about 20 mg/I. Water in the Park is acidic nearly everywhere; the pH of ground water averages 6.4, and pH of the surface water averages 5.9 for the samples analyzed. Water samples were collected from several streams for analysis of coliform bacteria content in July 1968. Results of analyses of 52 samples show that coliform bacteria were present at nearly all sampling sites but generally in low concentrations; there was little or no relation as to whether or not park facilities were upstream from the sampling site. Supplemental_Information: This database uses the Microsoft Spatial Storage Format to allow data entry and analysis via GIS and non-GIS applications. In order to make available to the database locations for which no specific coordinates are available, certain locations have been assigned "generic" coordinates in order to include the location records in the database functionality. How should this data set be cited? United States Geologic Survey, 19700101, Water resources of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee and North Carolina: Hydrologic Atlas 420. Online Links: What geographic area does the data set cover? West_Bounding_Coordinate: -84.007769 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -83.037582 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 35.790660 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 35.418718 What does it look like? Does the data set describe conditions during a particular time period? Calendar_Date: 09-Mar-2015Currentness_Reference: publication date What is the general form of this data set? Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data How does the data set represent geographic features? How are geographic features stored in the data set? This is a Vector data set. What coordinate system is used to represent geographic features? Horizontal positions are specified in geographic coordinates, that is, latitude and longitude. Latitudes are given to the nearest 0.000000. Longitudes are given to the nearest 0.000000. Latitude and longitude values are specified in Decimal degrees. The horizontal datum used is North American Datum of 1983. The ellipsoid used is Geodetic Reference System 80. The semi-major axis of the ellipsoid used is 6378137.000000. The flattening of the ellipsoid used is 1/298.257222. Vertical_Coordinate_System_Definition: Altitude_System_Definition: Altitude_Datum_Name: North American Vertical Datum of 1988 Altitude_Resolution: 0.000025 Altitude_Distance_Units: feet Altitude_Encoding_Method: Explicit elevation coordinate included with horizontal coordinates How does the data set describe geographic features? Point Locations Discrete coordinate pairs representing point locations with associated point/location attribute data. (Source: Great Smoky Mountains National Park) FID Internal feature number. (Source: Esri) Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Shape Feature geometry. Calculated automatically upon insert and update. (Source: ESRI) Coordinates defining the features in SQL Geography Format. PERMANENT_IDENTIFIER Global ID and GUID data types store registry style strings consisting of 36 characters enclosed in curly brackets. These strings uniquely identify a feature or table row within a geodatabase and across geodatabases. This is how features are tracked in one-way and two-way geodatabase replication. (Source: NHD Data Model (v2.2).) EVENTDATE Date, if available, that this measurement or event was taken. (Source: USGS HEM Data Model.) REACHCODE Unique identifier composed of two parts. The first eight digits is the subbasin code as defined by FIPS 103. The next six digits are randomly assigned, sequential numbers that are unique within a subbasin, length 14. (Source: NHD Data Model (v2.2).) REACHSMDATE Reach Version Date. (Source: NHD Data Model (v2.2).) REACHRESOLUTION Source resolution. See NHD Resolution Domain Table for the list of possible values. (Source: USGS HEM Data Model.) FEATURE_PERMANENT_IDENTIFIER Permanent_Identifier of NHD feature that is referenced as an event. (Source: USGS HEM Data Model.) FEATURECLASSREF NHD feature class that holds FeatureComID. See NHD Feature Class Reference Domain Table for the list of possible values. (Source: USGS HEM Data Model.) SOURCE_ORIGINATOR Originator of the event. (Source: USGS HEM Data Model.) SOURCE_DATADESC Description of the entity. (Source: USGS HEM Data Model.) SOURCE_FEATUREID Identifier of the entity used in the source data. (Source: USGS HEM Data Model.) FEATUREDETAILURL URL where detailed event entity data can be found. (Source: USGS HEM Data Model.) MEASURE Point measure that the event occurs at upon the reached flowline. (Source: USGS HEM Data Model.) EVENTOFFSET Event display offset. (Source: USGS HEM Data Model.) EVENTTYPEValue indicating the program for which the event has been created. (Source: USGS HEM Data Model.) MAPMETHOD Description of how original point location was derived. This pick list of Map Methods is derived from NPS standards for depicting source of geospatial data. Legacy values were migrated to the new GIS standard. Original ATBI field was "Source of Coordinates". Cross-walk of legal values is ATBI List, GRSM MapDatabase, Interpolated, Label, Label--presumably GPS, Literature, MapDatabase, Map Database, NPS Fisheries = Derived/Calculated; Field GPS Unit, GPS = Autonomous GPS; from topo, GPS/topo, TOPO, Topo Map, TopoZone = Heads-up Digitized; unspecified = Unknown; The Enumerated Domain Value refers to the value that is written to the database, the Enumerated Domain Value Definition refers to the text equivalent that is displayed to the user within GIS mapping software applications. (Source: National Park Service Generic Enterprise Database Standards.) ValueDefinition AGPSAutonomous GPS DERVDerived/Calculated DGPSDifferential GPS HDIGHeads-up Digitized TDIGTablet Digitized UNKNUnknown LITLiterature LABLLabel ATBIATBI List HERROR Estimated horizontal error of the point feature. The Enumerated Domain Value refers to the value that is written to the database, the Enumerated Domain Value Definition refers to the text equivalent that is displayed to the user within GIS mapping software applications. (Source: National Park Service Generic Enterprise Database Standards.) ValueDefinition UnknownUnknown <=15cm<=15cm >10m 10m >15cm <=1m 15cm <=1m >1m <=5m 1m <=5m >5m <=10m 5m <=10m >10m <=100m 10m <=100m >100m <=500m 100m <=500m >500m <=10000m 500m <=10000m >1000m <=50000m 1000m <=50000m >5000m 5000m UnknownUnknown MAPSOURCE Source of the mapping information, related to (Source: National Park Service Generic Enterprise Database Standards.) SOURCEDATE Date the location information was first collected or calculated. (Source: National Park Service Generic Enterprise Database Standards.) EDITDATE Date the location information was edited. Calculated automatically upon insert and update. (Source: National Park Service Generic Enterprise Database Standards.) NOTES Free text notes or comments that pertain to this location that do not apply to other free-text fields. (Source: National Park Service Generic Enterprise Database Standards.) X_COORD X (Easting) coordinate of point in meters. (Source: National Park Service Generic Enterprise Database Standards.) Range of values Minimum:226810.131751 Maximum:319132.131751 Units:meters Y_COORD Y (Northing) coordinate of point in meters. (Source: National Park Service Generic Enterprise Database Standards.) Range of values Minimum:3923599.200028 Maximum:3968554.200028 Units:meters UTM_ZONE UTM Zone that this point occurs in. (Source: National Park Service Generic Enterprise Database Standards.) DATUM Datum based on Coordinate System. (Source: National Park Service Generic Enterprise Database Standards.) WATERSHED Watershed this location occurs in. Aquatic resource management decisions are frequently organized by location in reference within a watershed, and "Watershed Name" is the most frequent surface water areal feature Great Smoky Mountains National Park staff use to organize aquatic data. Calculated automatically upon insert and update. The Enumerated Domain Value (HUC Code) refers to the value that is written to the database, the Enumerated Domain Value Definition refers to the text equivalent that is displayed to the user within GIS mapping software applications. (Source: USGS 12-digit HUC watershed names from NHD Watershed Boundary Dataset.) STREAMNAME Name of the nearest stream to this location. Aquatic resource management decisions are frequently organized by location in reference to a stream, and "Stream Name" is the most frequent surface water linear feature Great Smoky Mountains National Park staff use to organize aquatic data. Calculated automatically upon insert and update. The Enumerated Domain Value (GNIS ID) refers to the value that is written to the database, the Enumerated Domain Value Definition refers to the text equivalent that is displayed to the user within GIS mapping software applications. (Source: USGS, National Hydrography Dataset) MANAGEMENTZONE Park General Management Planning Zone (Source: GRSM General Management Plan) ValueDefinition NE1Natural Environment Type I NE 2Natural Environment Type II ERExperimental Research PNProtected Natural HPHistoric Preservation LMLandscape Management GPDGeneral Park Development TTransportation PUPark Utilities RReservoir NPUNon-park Utilities PPrivate Management RRReserved Rights PARKDISTRICT Park maintenance and ranger district. (Source: GRSM) ValueDefinition Cades Cove DistrictCades Cove District Little River DistrictLittle River District Cosby DistrictCosby District Deep Creek DistrictDeep Creek District Oconaluftee DistrictOconaluftee District Cataloochee DistrictCataloochee District ELEVATION Elevation, in feet, of the location. Elevation values are calculated automatically upon insert and update from the Lidar DEM, with estimated vertical accuracy of .9 ft or better. (Source: Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Digital Elevation Model, IRMA Record 2180613.) Range of values Minimum:810 Maximum:6700 Units:feet Resolution:3 meters LON Longitude (X, Easting) of location in decimal degrees. Calculated automatically upon insert and update. (Source: National Park Service Generic Enterprise Database Standards.) Range of values Minimum:-82.949572 Maximum:-84.041031 Units:Decimal Degrees LAT Latitude (Y, Northing) of location in decimal degrees. Calculated automatically upon insert and update. (Source: National Park Service Generic Enterprise Database Standards.) Range of values Minimum:35.319885 Maximum:35.913085 Units:Decimal Degrees STATION_NAME Free-text identifier of point location. (Source: GRSM.) VERROR Estimated vertical error of the point feature. The Enumerated Domain Value refers to the value that is written to the database, the Enumerated Domain Value Definition refers to the text equivalent that is displayed to the user within GIS mapping software applications. (Source: National Park Service Generic Enterprise Database Standards.) ValueDefinition <=15cm<=15cm >10m 10m >15cm <=1m 15cm <=1m >1m <=5m 1m <=5m >5m <=10m 5m <=10m >10m <=100m 10m <=100m >100m <=500m 100m <=500m >500m <=10000m 500m <=10000m >1000m <=50000m 1000m <=50000m >5000m 5000m UnknownUnknown RESTRICTION Indicates if this specific location and related data can be released. (Source: Generic GIS Database Standards) ValueDefinition UNRUnrestricted RNDRestricted - NoThird Party Release RACRestricted - Originating Agency Concurrence REXRestricted - No Release UNKUnknown RCCRestricted - Affected Program Concurrence COUNTY Name of County this location occurs in. Calculated automatically upon insert and update. The Enumerated Domain Value refers to the value that is written to the database, the Enumerated Domain Value Definition refers to the text equivalent that is displayed to the user within GIS mapping software applications. (Source: Counties and County Equivalents of the States of the United States and the District of Columbia (FIPS Pub 6-3)) ValueDefinition SwainSwain BlountBlount SevierSevier CockeCocke HaywoodHaywood GrahamGraham MonroeMonroe Blount/SevierBlount/Sevier Blount/SwainBlount/Swain Cocke/HaywoodCocke/Haywood Cocke/SevierCocke/Sevier Haywood/SevierHaywood/Sevier Haywood/SwainHaywood/Swain Sevier/SwainSevier/Swain ISEXTANT GIS designation signifying if the feature is known to still exist. The Enumerated Domain Value refers to the value that is written to the database, the Enumerated Domain Value Definition refers to the text equivalent that is displayed to the user within GIS mapping software applications. (Source: National Park Service Generic Enterprise Database Standards.) ValueDefinition YesYes NoNo UnknownThis value is assigned if the location is unknown, including records for which coordinates were not provided or available. UnreliableThe coordinates provided for this location place it outside of the park footprint and/or well outside of any reasonable geographic relationship to the park. While this location is geographically represented in this application, users should use text location description or other data to locate this feature. QUADNAME Name of USGS 1:24k Topographic Map this location occurs in. Calculated automatically upon insert and update. The Enumerated Domain Value refers to the value that is written to the database, the Enumerated Domain Value Definition refers to the text equivalent that is displayed to the user within GIS mapping software applications. (Source: U.S. Department of the Interior, USGS Topographic Map Names Data Base) UNITNAME Name of the NPS Park Unit this feature occurs in. Calculated automatically upon insert and update. Default: Great Smoky Mountains National Park. (Source: National Park Service Generic Enterprise Database Standards.) STATE Name of State this location occurs in. Calculated automatically upon insert and update. The Enumerated Domain Value refers to the value that is written to the database, the Enumerated Domain Value Definition refers to the text equivalent that is displayed to the user within GIS mapping software applications. (Source: Counties and County Equivalents of the States of the United States and the District of Columbia (FIPS Pub 6-3)) ValueDefinition NCNorth Carolina TNTennessee NC/TNLegacy: North Carolina/Tennessee YEAR Year this feature was observed. (Source: National Park Service Generic Enterprise Database Standards.) COORD_UNIT Coordinate units this location is expressed by. (Source: National Park Service Generic Enterprise Database Standards..) COORD_SYST Coordinate System used to determine this location. (Source: National Park Service Generic Enterprise Database Standards.) EDITBY User name editing the location information. Calculated automatically upon insert and update. (Source: National Park Service Generic Enterprise Database Standards.) CREATEBY User name creating the location information. Calculated automatically upon insert and update. (Source: National Park Service Generic Enterprise Database Standards.) CREATEDATE Date the location information was created. Calculated automatically upon insert and update. (Source: National Park Service Generic Enterprise Database Standards.) UNITCODE Four-digit park unit code. (Source: National Park Service Generic Enterprise Database Standards.) RIVERORDER Stream order of the nearest stream to this point. (Source: Great Smoky Mountains National Park.) ValueDefinition 1First 2Second 3Third 4Fourth 5Fifth 6Sixth 7Seventh 8Eighth 9Ninth SIO2 Silica, water, filtered, milligrams per liter as SiO2 FE Iron, water, filtered, micrograms per liter CA Calcium, water, filtered, milligrams per liter MG Magnesium, water, filtered, milligrams per liter NA Sodium, water, filtered, milligrams per liter K Potassium, water, filtered, milligrams per liter CO3 HCO3 SO4 Sulfate, water, filtered, milligrams per liter CI Chloride, water, filtered, milligrams per liter F Fluoride, water, filtered, milligrams per lite NO3 Nitrate, water, filtered, milligrams per liter PO4 Phosphate, water, filtered, milligrams per liter DIS_SOLID Dissolved solids, water, filtered, sum of constituents, milligrams per liter TOT_CA_MG_HARDNESS Hardness, water, milligrams per liter as calcium carbonate NON_CA_MG_HARDNESS Noncarbonate hardness, water, unfiltered, field, milligrams per liter as calcium carbonate SPECIFIC_COND Specific conductance, water, unfiltered, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius PH pH, water, unfiltered, field, standard units TEMP_C LOC_NAME Free-text identifier of point location (in addition to station name). (Source: GRSM) Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: Where possible entity attribute population is completed automatically by the GIS/SQL database software. Enclosed herein are Attribute Domains and lists of legal values (LOV) where attributes are populated by "Picklists". Who produced the data set? Who are the originators of the data set? (may include formal authors, digital compilers, and editors) United States Geologic Survey Who also contributed to the data set? United States Geologic Survey To whom should users address questions about the data? National Park Service Attn: Thomas Colson GIS Specialist 107 Park Headquarters Road Gatlinburg, Tennessee 37738 United States (865)436-1701 (voice) GRSM_Resource_Management@nps.gov Hours_of_Service: 0800-1730 Why was the data set created? For the display, query, and analysis of legacy hydrology spatial and tabular data. How was the data set created? From what previous works were the data drawn? How were the data generated, processed, and modified? Date: 28-Mar-2015 (process 1 of 1) These data contain location values from numerous resource research, inventory, and monitoring projects spanning over many decades. The National Park Service is unable to determin the process steps used to depict many locations, citing lack of reliable data. When known, map source is given as a range of values. What similar or related data should the user be aware of? How reliable are the data; what problems remain in the data set? How well have the observations been checked? Attribute accuracy is tested by manual comparison of the source with hard copy plots and/or symbolized display of the map data on an interactive computer graphic system. Selected attributes that cannot be visually verified on plots or on screen are interactively queried and verified on screen. In addition, the attributes are tested against a master set of valid attributes. All attribute data conform to the attribute codes in the signed classification and correlation document and amendment(s). How accurate are the geographic locations? These data contain location values from numerous resource research, inventory, and monitoring projects spanning over many decades. The National Park Service is unable to asses the positional accuracy of many locations, citing lack of reliable data. When known, estimated horizontal precision is given as a range of possible values. Statements of horizontal positional accuracy are based on accuracy statements made for U.S. Geological Survey topographic quadrangle maps. These maps were compiled to meet National Map Accuracy Standards. For horizontal accuracy, this standard is met if at least 90 percent of points tested are within 0.02 inch (at map scale) of the true position. Additional offsets to positions may have been introduced where feature density is high to improve the legibility of map symbols. In addition, the digitizing of maps is estimated to contain a horizontal positional error of less than or equal to 0.003 inch standard error (at map scale) in the two component directions relative to the source maps. Visual comparison between the map graphic (including digital scans of the graphic) and plots or digital displays of points, lines, and areas, is used as control to assess the positional accuracy of digital data. Digital map elements along the adjoining edges of data sets are aligned if they are within a 0.02 inch tolerance (at map scale). Features with like dimensionality (for example, features that all are delineated with lines), with or without like characteristics, that are within the tolerance are aligned by moving the features equally to a common point. Features outside the tolerance are not moved; instead, a feature of type connector is added to join the features. These data were "Heads up Digitized" from a scan of a paper map. Attempts were made to correctly position points within the GIS as depicted on the paper map using the most recent USGS 1:24,000-scale topographic map. As such, users of these data should assume approximately 100-500 meters of within-reach planimetric error occured during this process. How accurate are the heights or depths? Statements of vertical positional accuracy for elevation of these points are based on accuracy statements made for U.S. Geological Survey topographic quadrangle maps. These maps were compiled to meet National Map Accuracy Standards. For vertical accuracy, this standard is met if at least 90 percent of well-defined points tested are within one-half contour interval of the correct value. Elevations of points printed on the published map meet this standard; the contour intervals of the maps vary. These elevations were transcribed into the digital data; the accuracy of this transcription was checked by visual comparison between the data and the map. This statement is generally true for the most common sources of these data. Other sources and methods may have been used to create or update these data. In some cases, additional information may be found in the feature-level metadata report. Where are the gaps in the data? What is missing? Data completeness for these data reflect content of the source data. Features may have been eliminated or generalized on the source data due to scale and legibility constraints. For information on collection and inclusion criteria, see U.S. Geological Survey, 1994, Standards for 1:24,000-Scale Digital Line Graphs and Quadrangle Maps: National Mapping Program Technical Instructions and U.S. Geological Survey, 1994, Standards for Digital Line Graphs: National Mapping Program Technical Instructions. How consistent are the relationships among the observations, including topology? No duplicate features exist nor duplicate points in a data string. Point data are represented by two sets of coordinate pairs, each with the same coordinate values, contained in the "Shape" Column, and "X_COORD, Y_COORD" Columns. Database engine scripts automatically populate many of the possible "List of Values" for those columns that derive their attrtibute from other source data (see Entity Attribute Section of this document for details), thereby enforcing Attribute Accuracy. Database engine scripts also prevent the entry of duplication location coordinates, ensure the consistency and format of binary data representing geographic coordinates, and spatial and attribute index integrity. How can someone get a copy of the data set? Are there legal restrictions on access or use of the data? Who distributes the data set? (Distributor 1 of 1) Thomas Colson National Park Service GIS Specialist 107 Park Headquarters Rd. Gatlinburg, Tennessee 37738 United States (865)436-1701 (voice) GRSM_Resource_Management@nps.gov Hours_of_Service: 0800-1730 EST What's the catalog number I need to order this data set? Downloadable Data What legal disclaimers am I supposed to read? The National Park Service shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and/or contained herein. These data and related graphics (i.e. GIF or JPG format files) are not legal documents and are not intended to be used as such. The information contained in these data is dynamic and may change over time. The data are not better than the original sources from which they were derived. It is the responsibility of the data user to use the data appropriately and consistent within the limitations of geospatial data in general and these data in particular. The related graphics are intended to aid the data user in acquiring relevant data; it is not appropriate to use the related graphics as data. The National Park Service gives no warranty, expressed or implied, as to the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of these data. It is strongly recommended that these data are directly acquired from an NPS server and not indirectly through other sources which may have changed the data in some way. Although these data have been processed successfully on computer systems at the National Park Service, no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the utility of the data on other systems for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. This disclaimer applies both to individual use of the data and aggregate use with other data. How can I download or order the data? Availability in digital form: Data format: ArcGIS Online REST Endpoint Network links: http://services1.arcgis.com/fBc8EJBxQRMcHlei/arcgis/rest/services/GRSM_STREAM_CHEM_STATS_1970/FeatureServer/0 Data format: GEOJSON Network links: http://services1.arcgis.com/fBc8EJBxQRMcHlei/arcgis/rest/services/GRSM_STREAM_CHEM_STATS_1970/FeatureServer/0/query?f=geojson&outSR=4326&where=OBJECTID%20IS%20NOT%20NULL&outFields=* Data format: National Park Service Authoritative Data Source Network links: https://irma.nps.gov/App/Reference/Profile/2221299 Cost to order the data: None Who wrote the metadata? Dates: Last modified: 09-Mar-2015 Metadata author: National Park Service Attn: Thomas Colson GIS Specialist 107 Park Headquarters Road Gatlinburg, Tennessee 37738 United States (865)436-1701 (voice) GRSM_Resource_Management@nps.gov Hours_of_Service: 0800-1730 EST Metadata standard: FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (FGDC-STD-001-1998)Metadata extensions used: Generated by mp version 2.9.12 on Mon Mar 30 13:59:42 2015

Copyright Text: United States Geological Survey

Spatial Reference: 4269 (4269)

Initial Extent:
    XMin: -84.1800173869795
    YMin: 35.3751271230633
    XMax: -82.7579504811635
    YMax: 35.9569772455316
    Spatial Reference: 4269 (4269)
Full Extent:
    XMin: -83.9319993270357
    YMin: 35.4633264793289
    XMax: -83.210471377543
    YMax: 35.7630452043367
    Spatial Reference: 4269 (4269)
Units: esriDecimalDegrees

Child Resources:   Info

Supported Operations:   Query   Create Replica